The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict Research Paper

The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict - Research Paper Example At the point when the Soviet Union broke down in 1991, Chechnya, which was then part Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic in Northern Caucasus, additionally announced its autonomy. It was in December 1994 that the Russian Federation propelled a military activity against the revolting state. This finished in 1996 with an embarrassing thrashing for Russia, and Aslan Maskhadov was chosen as Chechen President in 1997. In any case, in spite of harmony arrangement marked between the two nations, Chechnya backslid in a disturbance that the genuinely chosen president couldn't control. This was because of the annihilation from the war, disappointment of Russia to give guaranteed war reparations, outer obstruction by Islamic radicals, growing wrongdoing and between Chechen hatreds, which conceded reason to the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to dispatch a second war against Chechnya in 1999, in name of battling universal fear based oppression, however with an undeniable motivation behind c ompelling Chechnya once more into the Federation (Faurby, 1999). The battle proceeds as a guerrilla war with adequate death toll and assets on the two sides and disheartening possibilities for threats toward end soon. Universal compassionate laws and human rights laws have been widely damaged on the two sides. Reports gauge loss of life to be around 80000 since, while the quantity of uprooted to the neighboring Dagestan is assessed to be 300000 (IRC, c.2006). Russian political pioneers were obstinate that the fighting was an inward issue for Russia, something that numerous western chiefs were anxious to support, as they didn't need the Chechen clash to thwart their relations (Cornell, 1999). This was politically hazardous, yet in addition a penetrate of global laws. In any case, as the Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) like the Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International increment their exercises in human rights field by exposing the infringement and campaigning

Vision Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vision Statement - Essay Example tion of most complex mechanical methods; so solace, proficiency, and openness by the majority is ensured, and in the occasion legacy is protected. The vision is basically dazzling to both the organization and her customers. It has a drawn out goal by setting advanced skills in opposition to the contemporary measures in the movements business. Te the vision likewise maps out a normalized industry where innovation is a system of accomplishing unavoidable changes that would profit this segment. By painting such a beautiful, the vision is set before the supervisory group to work about the set objectives. This sheds some feeling of expectation by the organization with the goal that the apparently outlandish comes to spotlight. This thus pushes the supervisory crew close by the staff to keep up in the dedication in order to have the option to accomplish this. Nearby giving such expectation, the vision will likewise involve social consistence by sidestepping poor innovative present techniques that send abundant of contaminations through discharges like exhaust. To summarize everything, the imagined arrangement will address the issues being referred to ethically; this will address the solace of the individual voyager, the security of the zones encountering this effect just as effectiveness, which means great

Australian Prime Ministers-Sir John Kerr Essay Example for Free

Australian Prime Ministers-Sir John Kerr Essay Sir John Kerr was a prominent legal counselor. He was the thirteenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the eighteenth Governor-General. He is most popular for being the questionable figure at the focal point of the excusal of the Labor legislature of Gough Whitlam on 11 November 1975, an occasion which started the most noteworthy established emergency in Australian history. On that day Kerr excused Prime Minister Whitlam and selected Malcolm Fraser to shape an overseer government, pending decisions. The excusal was the most sensational occasion throughout the entire existence of Australian government legislative issues. Just because since Federation, the appointed agent of the Queen had evacuated an administration which instructed a dominant part in the House of Representatives. The Dismissal, as it is known, stays a profoundly dubious occasion in Australian political history. Kerr was conceived in 1914 in Balmain, an at that point common laborers suburb of Sydney, where his dad was a heater creator. In the wake of learning at Fort Street High School he graduated in law from the University of Sydney and turned into a counselor in 1938. At Fort Street, Kerr met Dr H V Evatt, later to turn into a High Court judge. As a noticeable legal advisor, Kerr was known for speaking to worker's organization customers and had solid connections to the Australian Labor Party. At one phase, during the 1950s, he even proposed to represent parliament as a Labor competitor. During the 1960s Kerr was elevated to other legal situations (just as working for an administration insight office), and in this period his political leanings turned out to be increasingly moderate. He turned out to be close with Sir Garfield Barwick, the Liberal Attorney-General who had become the Chief Justice of the High Court in 1964. Kerr was designated Chief Justice of New South Wales in 1972, and when Sir Paul Hasluck resigned as Governor-General in July of 1974, Prime Minister Whitlam prescribed to the Queen that Kerr tak e up the position. It has been said that Whitlam appeared to have confidence in Kerrs political dependability because of his previous participation in the Labor Party. Be that as it may, Kerrs political perspectives had changed after some time and he had come to see the job of representative general in an alternate manner from Whitlam. The Whitlam Labor Government had come to control in December 1972 following 23 years of Liberal/Country Party alliance rule. Crusading on the trademark Its Time, the ALP appeared to have the help of the country, in spite of the fact that in all actuality their edge of triumph was generally limited. Whitlam was the first of another sort of Labor PM. He set up various dynamic administrative recommendations, executing free instruction arrangements, contacting Asia and breaking with the US on international strategy. His methodology, notwithstanding, met with some obstruction. The Senate, with incredible assurance restricted and dismissed some of Whitlams key administrative proposition. This included Bills intended to establish a free medical coverage framework; to give Senate portrayal to the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory; to change the association of electorates; and to permit the administration to direct the mining of oil and minerals. The rehashed dismissal of Whitlams charges prompted the calling of a twofold disintegration political decision, in which all individuals in the two Houses are on the ballot. A political outrage likewise constrained the political race. Before the twofold disintegration political decision, Whitlam moved to make an additional Senate opportunity in Queensland by offering a sitting representative, Vince Gair, an ambassadorship. Whitlam trusted Labor could win the empty seat and assume responsibility for the Senate. The alleged Gair Affair maddened the Opposition, who took steps to square flexibly in the Senate, which implied practicing its influence to dismiss or concede allocation or cash bills. It is a sacred need that the legislature be allotted cash by the parliament through the death of yearly allocation bills. These bills give the legislature the cash it needs to administer the nation and to run parliament for the money related year. Because of these blockages and wanting to protect his situation with a solid re-appointment, Whitlam went to the then Governor-General Hasluck, and picked up the twofold disintegration political race which was held in May of 1974. The Whitlam government was reappointed, in spite of the fact that with a decreased larger part, and the Senate kept on introducing an obstruction the plan of the administration. During 1975, the Government additionally was engaged with the Overseas Loans Affair. The Whitlam government had various plans it required financed. These incorporated the development of a petroleum gas pipeline, the zap of interstate railroads and a uranium advancement plant. Some of Whitlams priests seeked to raise an abroad advance of $4 billion to subsidize these ventures, but instead than go to the typical American and European sources, they seeked financing from the oil-rich Middle East. A Pakistani intermediary was utilized to make sure about the credit and the whole procedure was viewed as faulty by individuals from the administration, media and open. At long last, no credit was ever picked up and no broking commissions paid, yet Whitlams government was made to look crazy and absurd. Even with financial troubles and the political effect of the Loans Affair, Whitlam stayed helpless all through 1975. After a progression of renunciations in 1975, Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser reported that the Opposition would utilize its numbers in the Senate to square flexibly until Whitlam called another political race. Whitlam can't, and this showdown was trailed by half a month of established emergency, which brought up various pivotal issues about Australian majority rules system and the jobs of the House of Representatives and Senate in the Australian framework. Representative General Kerr took a functioning enthusiasm for the emergency and got persuaded of the need to excuse Whitlam from office. In a later explanation, Kerr said he accepted that it was the law based and established answer for excuse an executive who couldn't ensure flexibly and to let the Australian individuals choose the contention. Kerr looked for the guidance of his companion Chief Justice Barwick, who embraced the lawfulness of the activity on Monday, 10 November 1975. On Tuesday 11 November 1975 (Remembrance Day), Whitlam proposed calling a half-Senate political race, yet the Governor-General dismissed this proposition and rather, authoritatively excused Whitlam from power. Fraser was approached to step in as an overseer P M. A twofold disintegration political race was hung on 13 December of that year. In spite of the fact that the House of Representatives passed a few movements of trust in the Whitlam Government and trained the Speaker, Gordon Scholes, to send this message to Kerr, the senator general was enduring in his choice. Scholes in this way kept in touch with the Queen, who answered that there was a bad situation for her inclusion or contribution in an inward Australian political clash. At the 13 December political decision, Frasers Liberal-National alliance was chosen with an enormous edge. For Whitlams supporters the occasions of November 1975 were stunning and a maltreatment of the senator commanders power. In Kerrs explanation of purposes behind the excusal, he presented the defense that he was basically carrying out his responsibility to maintain majority rules system, expressing that The choices I have made were made after I was fulfilled that Mr Whitlam couldn't acquire flexibly. No other choice open to me would empower the Australian individuals to choose for themselves what ought to be finished. In the wake of the Dismissal, Kerr stayed a disputable figure for an incredible remainder. Because of an open issue with drinking he was later compelled to leave as the Australian Ambassador to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). He lived in England for certain years and passed on 7 April 1991. After another destruction in 1977, Whitlam left parliament. Malcolm Fraser proceeded to be Prime Minister for just about eight years until his annihilation by Bob Hawke in 1983. The Dismissal stays a questionable subject throughout the entire existence of Australian legislative issues, and is especially applicable to happening banters about Australia turning into a republic and further enabling the Head of State. The sacred and political impacts of the Dismissal survive from significance to anybody inspired by Australian legislative issues and the structures of intensity in Australia.

A Review of Essay Topics about Literature

A Review of Essay Topics about Literature Top Essay Topics about Literature Secrets Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Fernand has married Mercedes and is currently called Count de Morcerf. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. School should happen in the evenings. Children should have to read more. Teens should have to take parenting classes. They should be able to choose their bedtime. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Perhaps a number of the very best college research topics nowadays are IT research paper topics. Also SITE and INSAT programmes have contributed a good deal in the area of education. In a nutshell, conducting an extensive review of the literature can spare you time and money when helping increase your research benefits. Gun ownership ought to be tightly controlled. Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. When it would probably not be possible to really determine what proportion of everything'' demographics would be in a position to analyze and explain, it's possible to figure out how significant it is. When selecting a topic it should be in the correct subject field. The important thing is to locate a question that's not too wide. After choosing a wide topic, you've got to do some preliminary research. Definitions of Essay Topics about Literature Literature is a critical portion of a youngster's education and it should find more focus in the classroom. Literature essay topics allow you to narrow back on a sure idea or detail, it's important to pick the essay topics you're interested in. Research papers are trying, but in addition they have the capacity to be somewhat rewarding. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Thus, to compose a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Reader foreknowledge is crucial. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may have a paper that's directly pertinent to your research question but if the standard of the paper is poor it may not assist you as much as you believe. The writer that you personally select from our pool of writing candidates can give a literature essay sample that will enable you to have a look below the hood and see that which we're made from. If you still feel you need help, even if you've managed to pick a topic, you may always seek the services of a custom writing service to assist you produce a fabulous research paper of which you'll be proud and will guarantee you a nice mark. Every spot on earth has a story. You will be hard-pressed to discover many books which don't deal with death in some manner or another. Some men and women live their lives depending on their religion while some don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Somebody gets essential wisdom and experience there. Now you have a great idea of the way to hunt for college research paper topics, you are prepared for some suggestions. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. In the procedure for writing research articles, it's required to adhere to a specific topic. The review topics selected will generally be the field of research and study for many months or longer.

Persuasive Speech For Kappa - 1349 Words

Meet Kappa [headline] Let’s start the conversation [subheadline] Hello Extension Committee: The women of Kappa Kappa Gamma aspire to be. It says so on our letterhead, our T-shirts, and most importantly, in our hearts. As an organization, we aspire to re-join your Greek-letter community. Thank you for considering us! We’ve done our homework. With more than 80 student organizations on campus, we know Adelphi University is filled with people who aspire to be successful in the classroom, on campus, in the community and beyond. We see students who fully immerse themselves in their collegiate journey — students who want a transformative experience. Like AU, Kappa is committed to helping each member meet her goals by providing experiences that†¦show more content†¦In the meantime, should you have questions or need more information, please contact Lisa Thomson, Extension Coordinator, at 614-341-2134. With appreciation, Beth Black Lisa Thomson Fraternity President Extension Coordinator [headline] Together, we have it all. [subheadline] A formula for success Kappa Kappa Gamma’s commitment to inspire women to be their best is second to none. We prepare our members for the future by offering a safe and supportive environment to learn life skills, become global citizens and gain firsthand knowledge of the satisfaction of making an impact. We offer connections through friendships, community partnerships and networking opportunities. Like Adelphi University, Kappa strives to create an environment that develops stronger individuals, which results in a stronger campus and a stronger community. We know the students at AU are doers — people who want to be involved and take action. Our proven practice of getting new members involved from day one goes hand in hand with the student culture on your campus. We believe a partnership between Adelphi and Kappa would be a win-win. Over the past 25 years, Kappa’s success rate speaks for itself. [key info] 96% of new Kappa chapters on campuses with existing Greek-letter communities are at average chapter size within one year of Colonization. 97% of women who pledge Kappa go on to become initiated members. 95% retention rate of initiatedShow MoreRelatedResponse to The American Scholar Essay example721 Words   |  3 PagesJulia Mitri English 31 Novick 18 September 2011 Ralph Waldo Emerson’s â€Å"The American Scholar† Post- Reading Response In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s 1837 address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard, called â€Å"The American Scholar†, he makes clear his thoughts and ideas on the European cultural and cerebral influence on America. Emerson wanted to get across that American scholars needed to create their own independent American literature and academic world, separate from European history. EmersonRead MoreLou Gehrig Speech Analysis1622 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish Composition 1301 26 May 2012 Lou Gehrig’s Farewell Speech Analysis Imagine a young boy and his father going to the New York Yankees ballpark on a warm sunny day. The date is July 4, 1939 and it is Lou Gehrig appreciation day at the ballpark. Lou Gehrig had been playing major league baseball for seventeen years and is one of the most well thought of players in the game. When the boy and his father arrive at the ballpark, Lou walks to a podium and begins to talk. Without any prior warningRead MoreDo Schools Kill Creativity Essay3645 Words   |  15 Pagesbelieves is occurring, saying that schools are taking a great initiative to bring back creativity to our public schools. In a speech at Benjamin Banneker High School in 2011, President Obama told students, â€Å"You’ve got to wonder. You’ve got to question. You’ve got to explore. And every once in a while, you need to color outside the lines† (Barack Obama. â€Å"Back-to-School Speech†). Several states, have instated a â€Å"Creativity Index† which instead of just telling the state school’s standardized test scoresRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesand geographic points of entry. Students that exhibit comprehension through rubrics, portfolios, or demonstrations come to have an authentic understanding of achievement. The accomplishment of the lawyer is in winning her case through research and persuasive argument, more than in having passed the bar exam. Students become balanced individuals who can function as members of their culture. 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Does the principal have the freedom of speech to say no in this case? 6. If the principal stopped the newspaper, would he be preventing full discussion of important problems? 7. Would the principal’s stop order make Rami lose faith in him? 8. Is Rami really loyal to h is school and patriotic toRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesthe job may also be made, such as allowing physically disabled workers to work shorter hours. Other inexpensive approaches include providing batterypowered scooters, computer attachments that enable the deaf to make telephone calls, and computerized speech-recognition aids. In order to facilitate the exchange of knowledge on how to accommodate disabled workers, companies such as ATT, Du Pont, Hartford Insurance, IBM, and Sears are sharing with other companies the knowledge they have acquired in accommodating

Genetic Engineering in Donny and Ursula Save the World by...

â€Å"In three words, I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on† (Robert Frost). People from the beginning of civilization have cultivated crops ranging from methods of fermentation to classical selection for desired traits. In essence, genetic modification is not a new concept only conceived in the twentieth century; it has been occurring for millenias. Genetic engineering is only a step forward as the latest form of gene selection utilizing biotechnology, which merely catalyzes processes that previously required generations upon generations to that of just a couple days. All living organisms consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the building block for life that consists of the same four nucleotides: adenine, guanine,†¦show more content†¦Future GM seeds will allow farmers to maintain higher yields while using less water and chemical fertilizer by allowing farmers to produce bigger and more reliable crops. Nutrition-enhanced GM crops now in development can directly address the effects of malnutrition for poor consumers in developing countries. GM crops may be the only way to ensure that the worldwide production of food keeps pace with the growing population, which according to the United States Census Bureau, is projected to be nearing 10 billion by the year 2050. Opponents of GM crops often refer to a widely publicized article by Food Chemical Toxicology published September 2012 regarding the possible dangers of GM foods. The two-year study by Gilles-Eric Seralini a French scientist who has been a professor of molecular biology at the University of Caen experimented on only ten rats over the course of the study. In addition, the species studied has been known to develop cancer tumors regardless of its diet. Elsevier, the Dutch company that publishes Food Chemical Toxicology made a statement regarding the authenticity of the study: â€Å"A more in-depth look at the raw data revealed that no definitive conclusions can be reached with this small sample size regarding the role of either NK603 or glyphosate in regards to overall mortality or tumor incidence. Given the known high incidence of tumors in the

BP and Theories of Regulation

Question: Interest Theory and what of the role of regulators (politicians)? What are the motivations of politicians as regulators? Answer: 1. Introduction This study is about the public interest theory and the role of politicians as regulators, their motivations and its repercussions on the society. The argumentative study is presented through an analysis of the research publication by Jean Houdet and Charles Germaneau. The methodology undertaken is to make an analysis in three parts. The first part gives an internal introduction and regulatory theories. The second part is an argumentative presentation that argues on the role of politicians who act for the benefit of a few interest groups through an analysis of the research publication by Houdet and Germaneau. The third part presents the requirement for a standard accounting practice and regulation that will meet the changing business needs. The study concludes with the fact that politicians as regulators play according to a few interest groups while framing regulations at the cost of the society and environment. A single, unified accounting practice is required. 2. Internal Introduction The first part of the study is an internal introduction. This part makes an analysis of the financial accounting theory and the need for theories of regulations. Special emphasis is given to the role played by politicians and the factors which motivate these politicians to intervene in objectives and functioning of governing regulators. 2.1 Financial Accounting Theories Financial accounting theories are classified as normative and positive theories. 2.1.1 Positive Accounting Theory This is a positive theory which predicts and explains accounting practices and is based on the economic theory that focuses on agency relationship as they provide resources to the firm such as owners and managers, managers and debt providers. It assumes that self-interest drives an individuals action to increase his wealth and increase his self-interest. 2.1.2 Normative Accounting Theories These theories identify the objectives of GPFR such as the conceptual framework. Normative Accounting Theories are classified as current-cost accounting, exit-price accounting, and deprival value accounting. 2.1.3 Systems Oriented Theories They are of three types namely: Stakeholder Theory: It has two branches which are ethical (or normative branch) and managerial (or positive branch). It describes that all stakeholders such as employees, lenders, shareholders, customers, government and interest groups have a right to get the information provided to them. Legitimacy Theory: Organizations should ensure that their operations remain within the norms of societal requirements, are legitimate. Through disclosures in annual reports, organizations consider the rights of the investors as well as the public in general. Institutional Theory: Organizations tend to take the same form and characteristics within their field. This theory overlaps with the stakeholder and legitimacy theory. 2.2 Role of regulators The objective of accounting is to provide access to information so that interested parties may take decisions. Accountants and accounting standards require regulations. Regulations help to benefit the society in general rather than to serve a particular interest group. Regulations are required To protect public interest For healthy competition. When there are windfall profits Information asymmetries Profit skimming To correct inequitable and inefficient market practices 2.3 Theories of regulation Public Interest Theory Capture Theory Economic Interest Group Theory 2.3.1. Public Interest Theory The Public Interest Theory gives a normative justification for regulations. It depicts that regulations are formed to correct inequitable and inefficient market practices. This theory gives importance to regulations to benefit the society instead of benefitting vested interests. The government should work as a neutral arbiter(Deegan 2006) It helps in healthy competition, stabilizes the economy and ensures social objectives in policy-making Deepwater oil spill damage of BP depicts the way markets are unregulated and inefficient. It also shows that government lacks neutrality which was the main criticism of public interest theory. 2.3.2 The capture theory Organizations that come under regulations will ultimately control regulators as decisions made by regulators will impact the industry significantly. Interest groups use government regulators like politicians as protective gears to serve their own interests. 2.3.3 Economic Interest Group Theory It prescribes that interest groups become regulators wherein regulations serve particular parties for private interests such as politicians. It is also called as the Coalition-building theory 2.4 Motivation of politicians as regulators Politicians are pressurized by powerful interest groups in regulatory intervention. The incentives that politicians get from these interest groups are: To be re-elected To maintain control and power To attract support for re-election successfully Politicians compete to increase their wealth and income and help interest groups to achieve their narrow self-interests thereby shaping regulatory practices. State power is made to fit demands by interest groups. Interest groups provide political support through campaign and vote contributions. The deep-water horizon spill by BP is an example of how BP used political power to protect itself from the environment crisis it created through its oil-spill. 3. Argumentative Analysis of Research Publication This part describes the research publication that is taken for analysis. The methodology used for the analysis is through an argumentative study that supports the research publication on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill by Joel Houdet and Charles Germaneau. The analysis argues to support that politicians are regulators who act for interest groups and studies the motivations behind the role of politicians as regulators. 3.1 Description of the Research Publication British Petroleum has an annual profit of over $23.6 billion which is the largest for an Australian Corporation. It employs around 100,000 employees around the world. On 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded(Houdet Germaneau 2011). BP was held responsible for damages to the environment along with Transocean, MOEX and Anadarko. Bob Dudley the CEO of BP accepted responsibility for the incident stating that (Wilson Kuszewski 2011) The well integrity had failed Undetected hydrocarbons had entered the wall and ignited the Deepwater Horizon The well was not sealed by a blowout preventer It has caused 11 deaths as well as environmental havoc through hurricanes and seasonal threats to areas around the Gulf Coast (Hiscock 2012). 3.2 Argument supporting the role played by politicians as regulators The research publication on the BP deepwater oil spill exposes the environmental damage caused by the oil spill. But the corporation tried to get off the issue through manipulative activities. Regulations are required to protect the society and environment. But when regulations are manipulated, it backfires on the society. BP used political power to make the government act in its favor and act against the public interest. 3.2.1 Arguments supporting this position BP has not disclosed the ecosystem and social damages fully nor has it exposed the calculation methodologies of its $40.9 billion pre-tax charge. It was more of political bargaining that resolved the amount that determined the loss to the environment than a technical calculation says the research publication(Houdet Germaneau 2011). The White House withheld information regarding the oil spill by blocking the information to the public. Immediate impacts in the Gulf of Mexico after the oil spill could be seen with the naked eye. Dolphins averaging 200 are dying annually; shrimp fisheries have closed and deep-water corals show tissue damages are some examples of the environmental disaster. About 20 valuable categories of ecosystem services around the Gulf of Mexico have been affected(Houdet Germaneau 2011). Other events in recent years include the removal of the mining tax by Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton through political intervention and bringing in a new tax policy so that the mining industry does not pay much tax(WordPress 2011). President Obama was criticized for blocking foreign crews from helping with the clean up. 3.2.2 Result of the Deepwater Oil Spill Gulf Coast States lost around $65 billion revenue annually through tourism The commercial fishing industry from the Gulf Coast lost about 40% of its 2008 sales which was equal to $4.3 billion loss The Gulf of Mexico producing about 73% of domestically harvested shrimps was reduced by 50% after the oil spill(Smith, Smith Ashcroft 2011) British Petroleum was claimed guilty of willful misconduct and gross negligence and was asked to pay $18 billion by a federal judge for violating the Clean Water Act. BP had recorded a $43 billion towards costs for the oil clean up which is a meager amount compared to the damage BP had spent eight times the bill towards its auditing firm to block its audit file report which was against the transparency code of accounting(Cohn 2014) Interest groups who influence public policies are collective organizations who involve in lobbying and influence government ministers, parliament and party platforms so that they can change public policies in their desired direction(Vromen Cook (eds.) 2012). 4. New Accounting Standards There are about 500 organizations that are involved in standard-setting. International bodies set standards of accounting for a number of products and services. However, the problem of standardization prevails because(Edwards Walker (eds.) 2009) Benefits and costs of standards are not evenly distributed members across communities There is a problem of identifying the optimal criterion Choosing a socially optimal standard and a social welfare criterion is difficult Issues like the oil spill of BP and, the mining tax issue by BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto are some examples analyzed stating the need for new accounting standards and regulations and the role of politicians as regulators who manipulate regulations 4.1 AASB The AASB or the Accounting Standard AASB 137 has been set to ensure measurement bases and recognition criteria that apply to contingent assets, contingent liabilities, and provisions. Disclosure of adequate information in the notes helps users for decision-making. The AASB 137 gives guidance towards implementing new measures(AASB 2010). Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP are promulgated by the FASB or the Financial Accounting Standards Board and includes the SFAS or Statements of Financial Accounting Standards providing accounting guidelines. 4.2 FASB The FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) in the US provides rules for companies to follow in their financial reporting and to provide useful information to investors and other stakeholders for decision-making. It has issued many Accounting Standard Update (ASU) regarding share-based payment accounting, adoption of US GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy, lease accounting guidance, pension accounting and, measuring and recognizing of financial instruments(FASB 2016). Robert Herz, FASB chairman has criticized politicization of accounting. According to him, special interest groups provide inferior accounting methods that do not provide transparent and unbiased information of the entity. He has pointed out to the interference by the SEC and Congress on various accounting issues like lobbying, troubled debt, pensions and special purpose entities. Enron and Worldcom faced political challenges and pressures that almost shook the White House which made it relevant to insulate standard setting from politics. The failure of Wall Street and AIG; false financial reporting by Freddie and Fannie were other national issues that the US faced during the global meltdown that brought in the Sarbanes-Oxley into practice(Herz 2009). 4.3 IFRS In the UK, companies have to follow IFRS while preparing consolidated financial statements. They can also follow UK GAAP. Amendments have been made in July 2015 UK GAAP as changes in the business world required new rules and regulations. 4.4 Need for Standardization Accounting practices must be flexible and should move with the flow of the business world. (Hassler 2015). Past failures, unreasonable goals and structural weaknesses in systems have to be removed. Expectations should be set so that they are reasonably accomplished. An accounting standard that will increase the societal welfare should be identified. Standards should not only involve technical expertise, it should also consider social efficiency Regulatory bodies should not have political interference A new socially superior accounting standard will still remain imperfect and limited in the same way as a new drug for a disease has to be improved upon. 5. Conclusion Regulations play a critical role in the welfare of the society and the economy. Regulations and its framework should work in the public interest. The research publication on the deepwater oil crisis by BP shows how interest groups such as big corporations use political power to manipulate regulations in their favor. Business environment fraud has to be eliminated and steps to be taken to minimize or prevented(Parker, Sale Ussery 2006). Politicians tend to give in to short-term concerns when regulatory policies are against their personal electoral interests. As neutral transmitters of public administration, bureaucracy in politics is indispensable(Hamidi-Ravari 2014). The private interest theory argues that short-term political moves are made for vote-maximizing through modifying regulatory policies.(Mejri Wolf 2013). Bibliography AASB 2010, 'AASB 137: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets- July 2004', Federal Register of Legislation, vol V, no. 3, pp. 1-13. Cohn, M 2014, BP Demands Release of McGladrey's Audit of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Claims, viewed 19 May 2016, Deegan, C 2006, Financial Accounting Theory, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney. Edwards, J, Walker, SP (eds.) 2009, The Routledge Companion to Accounting History, Routledge, New York. FASB 2016, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, viewed 20 May 2016, Hamidi-Ravari, A 2014, 'The Critical Role of the Reporting Entity Concept in Australian Financial Reporting', Essay Series, Research Centre, Australian Accounting Standards Board, ISSN 2202-5723, AASB Research Centre, Victoria. Hassler, A 2015, 'Accounting for the Future', Senior Honors Thesis, Honors Program, Liberty University, ISBN 1530, Digital Commons, New York. Herz, R 2009, The Accounting Cycle: Politics of Accounting Standards Setting, viewed 20 May 2016, Hiscock, G 2012, Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources, John Wiley Sons, Solaris. Houdet, J Germaneau, C 2011, 'The Financial Impacts of BP's Response to the Deepwater Horizon Waterspill Comparing Damage Valuation Approach and Highlighting the Need for More Reliable Environmental Accounting and Reporting', Research Gate, pp. 1-5. Mejri, M Wolf, D 2013, 'Crisis Management: Lessons Learnt from the BP Deepwater Horizon Spill Oil', Thesis, Business Management and Strategy, Macrothink Institute, ISSN 2157-6068, Proquest, Cedex. Parker, P, Sale, M Ussery, C 2006, 'Business Environment Fraud: Accounting Happenings', Allied Academics International Conference, vol 11, no. 1, pp. 65-78. Smith, LC, Smith, ML Ashcroft, PA 2011, 'Analysis of Environmental and Economic Damages From British Petroleum's Deepwater Horizontal Oil', Albany Law Review, vol 15, no. 1, pp. 1-23. Vromen, A, Cook, I (eds.) 2012, Contemporary Politics in Australia: Theories, Practices and Issues, Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne. Wilson, E Kuszewski, J 2011, Shared Value, Shared Responsibility: A New Approach to Managing Contracting Chains in the Oil and Gas Sector, IIED, London. WordPress 2011, 'BHPBilliton: Dirty Energy', Alternative Annual Report 2011, vol II, no. 1, pp. 1-28.